as for windfury.
about the IOU
its logic and also the LN devs themselves say its IOU
if you lock up a KG bar of gold for 60 days in a vault. and then in another location you are playing with 1000grams of something.
A) has the 1kg of gold been taken out of the vault and chopped up into 1000 pieces?
B) is the 'something' a different item thats simply meant to represent 1kg of gold but in more distributable allotments
C) if you knew there could only be X gold and they are all accounted for in vaults and on one system then how can they also be in another system at the same time
D) during the first 100confirms of a blockreward solution. pools are privately discussing and tallying who deserves however many sats of the 12.5btc.... are suddenly the bitcoins that have yet to mature, suddenly become spendable. or are they still locked to the bitcoin network and people are just playing around finding a private IOU agreement that tallies with the total currently locked.

about the fractional reserve
bitrefill let people buy LN channels with balance using DIFFERENT CURRENCIES
bitrefil also let people buy channels with balance for less than the balance
500,000 sats capacityYou pay0.000333 BTC
2,000,000 sats capacityYou pay0.001109 BTC
4,000,000 sats capacityYou pay0.001663 BTC
8,000,000 sats capacityYou pay0.003105 BTC
16,000,000 sats capacityYou pay0.003992 BTC

lastly..
my thought process has never been 'believe me/trust me/ first then do research
its always been to just go do some research

mr flip flop. unlike u i understand more then you realise
your rebuttle is that
if you imagine A buys a channel of 0.16btc from (B)itrefill for under 0.04btc. the LN channel would look like
A[0.00<>0.16]B

your rebuttle is also for A to the get to touch the 0.16btc.. others need to route funds through.
EG C saying they want to pay 0.16 to A
where
A[0.00<>0.16]B[0.00<>0.16]c
becomes
A[0.00<>0.16]B[0.16<>0.00]c
becomes
A[0.16<>0.00]B[0.16<>0.00]c

but here is where you are not understanding things.
1.this contract
A[0.00<>0.16]B
is not some global community agreed/audited contract. its purely an agreement PRIVATELY between 2 people
(2 nodes)
so A can agree to this contract without even caring about the blockchain. because there is no global community validating that A B's contract has to meet some terms. A and B can shake hands to any agreement they want

2. guess what mr flip flop, because a contract is just between 2 people. they can agree whatever they like.. they are "free to write their own code" for what their private node shakes hand to.
they are "free to choose the rules that they prefer"

3. there is no consensus/no byzantine generals solution in LN to keep a group of people following a select rule.

imagine it this way
99% of LN users ar not going to sit in thier basement with a desktop running a fullnode that checks that the contract they agree with is pegged/backed by a blockchain locked fund
99% of LN users are going to run mobile apps that run 'autopilot' that just auto accepts requests because 99% of people will be at starbucks and grocery stores on their phone. not in a basement
so if A pays 0.04btc and see's a channel of [0.00<>0.16] ofcourse A will agree to it because thats what he damn well paid for
no matter what the blockchain contains A will agree to what A paid for, even if it doesnt tally

i find it shocking how you pretend that blockchain rules of bitcoin are loose and free to individuality. but then flip to think that LN is strict and rule following where 2 private people cant choose things outside a rule

cant you see how your flip flop understanding of consensus just dug yourself a hole
LN has no consensus.

Can you be any more clueless?

https://btcmanager.com/bitrefill-launches-thor-lighting-channel-for-superfast-bitcoin-transactions/

Dash , ether, & doge used to buy funded LN channels,
doomad you should sit down because that probably blew your mind.

Bitrefill is acting as an exchange and they CONTROL those channels, that they are renting out for 30 days at a time.
Bitrefill also sells GIFT CARDS for cryptocoins.

You think you purchased a funded LN channel, but are making a payment to one of the merchants that accept gift cards from Bitrefill.
Bitrefill see you making the payment and route your payment thru their gift card system avoiding any extra lightning hub fees
(cuting costs to increase profit), which they avoided by using the giftcard, also while adding imaginary LN fees to your account
 and from your end all you see is the payment was received.
You really don't know how they paid them, just like any exchange processing offchain transactions.

Bitrefill could run a fractional reserve on the # of funding lightning channels they actually have,
and you are none the wiser as long as they meet required payouts every 30 days.  

windfury and doomad your about as boring as carlton and lauda 3 years ago with their social drama

problem being is that you 2 spend too much time on social drama and no time actually researching bitcoin
so. take your 'i kiss devs ass' hat off and think about bitcoin.

basics:
at block 570,000 there will be 17625000 btc created
210,000*50.0=10,500,000
210,000*25.0=5,250,000
150,000*12.5=1875000

lightning stats 'show' about 1000 'btc' are 'on ln'

so at block 570,000.. ask yourself
are there
a) 17625000btc on bitcoins network AND 1000btc on LN
b) 17624000btc on bitcoins network AND 1000btc on LN
c) 17625000btc on bitcoins network AND 1000pegged coins on LN

anyway. back to the topic

did people know that when 'fold' offered 'lightning pizza. out of 1500 'invoices' only 150 resorted to fulfilling in actual pizza getting delivered. 10% success rate.

this was not a low success rate due to 'fold' not having enough value to buy the actual pizza
this was not a low success rate due to 'fold' having issues with the pizza restaurants

this WAS a low success rate due to issues within LN

imagine wanting $20 of pizza. so you lock up $20 btc and then get a channel open and try routing it to 'fold' and find out your single route cant. but them coins are locked for a few weeks so you cant just move them to then open a new channel of pegged coins.

imagine then having to lock up another $20 btc to get another channel open with 'fold' and find out LN has froze out $1 of the pegged balance for things like fee's. meaning you cant fullfill the $20 order

imagine you try again. and finally you have enough pegged balance, and a live connection to 'fold'. guess what. you then find out fold is paying for the pizza using giftcards it got at discount

so would it have been easier and cheaper for you to just buy domino's giftcards via gyft where it would have only cost you $18 of btc and you know for sure you then buy pizza without hassle, without LN middlemen, without worries of routing or balance available issues

There are solutions to increase onchain capacity
1.  Increase BlockSize  (this is why BCH & BSV have a higher onchain capacity than btc.)
2.  Increase BlockSpeed (this is why litecoin has a greater onchain capacity than btc)

If LN is the holy grail of scaling, you think it is
why is btc transaction fees increasing and now 55 thousand transactions are backlogged,
https://www.blockchain.com/btc/unconfirmed-transactions
maybe because LN is not working to increase scale.
Because used incorrectly LN increases the required onchain transactions instead of decreasing.

Where as gift cards and exchanges are better at decreasing onchain transactions than LN. 

When other coin onchain scaling increased simply by blocksize or blockspeed.

Or people can do like you and stick their heads in the ground until a Lion bites them in the ass.  

when DEVS shout how BITCOIN is broken and cant scale
    (it can but DEVS are just choosing not to go down that road)

when DEVS shout how BITCOIN is not currency/money/cash
    (it is but DEVS just want people hoarding a useless database in the future)

when DEVS shout how BITCOIN needs to be de-burdened of its utility
   (if you make a coin useless, its value becomes useless)

wasting 3 years so far to stifle bitcoin and too much time to open gateways to other networks. is not in anyway 'innovating' bitcoin. nor is is expanding bitcoin adoption nor promoting bitcoin mainstream.

all its doing is saying that blockchains and bitcoin are crap and that people need to go back to putting funds into contracts with a manager who has to co-sign it.. which is basically saying only fiat works and crypto is broke.

try to READ. its you with the mis-understanding...
truly feel sorry for you doomad, you spent well more than a year with social drama but shown no sense of doing any practical bitcoin research

you might aswell go play around with fiat as your just wasting your time on a bitcoin forum as its obvious you know nothing about it and your not interested in protecting/innovating bitcoin

ok..

lets word it another way and see how deep you can dig your own holes doomad and windfury
if a totally different network with a different database/ledger stores a contract/tx with a different unit of measure but also 'resembles' that of what also exists on the btc network..

then you have just dug yourself a hoe to say bitcoincash and bitcoinsv are 'bitcoin'

P.S i personally consider bch and bchsv to be altcoins. but its seems doomad and windfury are soo hard in trying to dig deep that other networks dont have different tokens, dont have separation. that they must consider certain forks and alternative networks to actually be 'bitcoin'
.. rathr then just admit the obvious. that other networks are separate, especially when the payment system they use has different units of measure and rules

https://www.blockchain.com/btc/unconfirmed-transactions
~ 60  thousand

https://bitcoinfees.info/

Looks like the promise of LN increasing bitcoin's ability to scale was pure fud.
Some small vendors have already frozen/canceled btc payouts and asking if their users want to convert to one of the below coins to transfer out.  
https://coinpot.co/news/information-about-latest-bitcoin-core-btc-withdrawals-network-congestion

In the meantime, BCH, BSV, LTC, DOGE, ETH all are working normally because they either
increased blocksize
or
have a faster blockspeed

Which is really the only ways to increase ONCHAIN scaling.