All those situations you listed are not vulnerabilities of Bitcoin but rather a result of the actions of the person holding them.
Bitcoin as a decentralized asset can not be insured directly, as this would have to be handled by a central authority with a sort of reserve put in place. Some large centralized exchanges offer insurance in cases of hacks, but storing your assets on a custodial wallet is not advisable, as you do not truly own them.

Autonomy of your funds also comes with the responsibility to use the safest practice to protect it.
To avoid falling victim to phishing sites or hacks store your bitcoins on a hardware wallet or an airgapped device which would never go online. To avoid scams; never send bitcoins (expecting to have it multiplied) or your private keys to anyone, for any reason.

This, you already answered your question in the bolded part above.

Bitcoin is decentralized and there's no need to back up any third parties such as to have insurance.  Our responsibility is to take care of our private key privately because I believed in the old saying. "Your key, Your cryptocurrency".  Speaking of vulnerabilities, that's the problem of having Bitcoin if they didn't know how this works.  Learn first how Bitcoin technology stuff works before they accept and hold for future purposes.

That's impossible and beware of such services that offer Bitcoin insurance.  I heard this so many times that there's a centralized service offer life insurance plan and they will hold your Bitcoin.

I just Googled “Bitcoin Insurance” and got a few results on existing BTC insurance. They are not wide spread, and delimit the scope rather narrowly as one would expect, but it’s not quite uncharted waters.

Corporations such as Exchanges tend to have insurances of some sort (up to a certain capped amount), and some seemingly have resorted to them when they were hacked, in order to cover the event. A large hack would probably meet the maximums easily and leave the Exchange tits-up trying to recover.

I came across one that covers individuals (there seem to be some timid attempts), and it goes on about insuring your BTCs (and other alts), stating that it covers stuff like loss of wallet keys, proven hacks by means of brute force, cyber attacks, phishing, trojans amongst others. The catch is that it will only cover you if you use a specific wallet (and probably a ton of clauses).
See: https://www.coincover.com/theft/bitcoin-insurance

None will probably cover sending BTCs to the wrong address.

Insuring crypto is also high risky and has some similarities with insuring cash, coin base one of the biggest crypto exchanges carries insurance for crypto and it's clients. If you can't rely on an exchange to cover BTC you can take Matters in your own hand's.

This makes sense, because it would be so easy to just send coins to a new address and then claim that you was hacked. You would need to mix the coins to avoid any potential insurance fraud investigation, but still it's much easier to execute than real-world insurance fraud with things like cars or real estate.

not sometimes but bitcoin is expose to attacks at all times . this can damage the reputation of btc but btc itself cant be damaged or tear down like a car . if we are a victim of atacks we can loose our coin and we can also loose our coin not because of attacks but because of the volatility of bitcoin or when its price go down so having an insurance is still a good idea but that can only be possible if you invest btc on a centralized institution and they control your funds . did they came up with that idea already ?

That's great idea but I don't really think some companies will be created just for Bitcoin insurance you can easily tell they you were scammed, hacked, etc. but that's not like in physical world it's really hard to track down if you were really get attacked by scammers or not.

I agree. The insurance won't help for most of the common issues that lose people money. Nobody is going to take the risk for it.

Additionally, an insurance often helps mitigate the risks when there're more parties involved but in the case of BTC the power lies solely with you, the key keeper.

So, while it may sound appealing to encourage an insurance type system on BTC in reality that's not practical or profitable.

I highly doubt any insurance company would cover someone's loss due to getting phished, hacked or scammed. Oh and one thing, those are not bitcoins vulnerability. Those are peoples stupidity for falling for those scamming, phishing and hacking. People should be careful when surfing the web and must make sure they are know where they are going. They should also make sure that their computer is secure. Instead of saying bitcoin is sometimes vulnerable, you should be saying people are sometimes vulnerable and naive.
But yeah, no insurance is going to cover those. There are some insurance that do cover online frauds and scams (but rarely), but when it comes to bitcoin, they won't. First of all, its going to be hard for them to proof if they really got scammed or is trying to claim through insurance fraud.