1. The fake way
When cryptocurrencies are sorted based on their market capitalization, it is trivial to surpass Bitcoin. Shitcoins such as Ripple, Ethereum, Tether, etc are the living proof that a shitcoin can have a massive fake market cap. All it takes is a huge supply that only releases a small portion of it to the public to be in circulation followed by a strong pumping team with a lot of money to inflate the price of that shitcoin. Then you have yourself an altcoin that ranks #1 in the list sorted by market cap. That altcoin will have no utility though!
I have said this countless times. If you look at the top coins on CMC, you'll see coins like Shiba inu in the top 10. This is a coin whose price is not even up to $0.0005 but because it has a circulating supply of trillions of coins, it is above coins like Monero. I always tell people not to fall for that. It's obvious a coin like that will never become anything because when you have that kind of supply, the supply will always be more than the demand, making the coin have very little value if it has any value at all.
The reason why we haven't seen that so far is because everyone is interested in making money so they create shitcoins like ethereum with tens of millions of premined coins so that they can become rich overnight.
In comparison Satoshi's goal was to innovate and solve problems. The altcoin devs' goal is to make money not innovate.
As long as a coin is centralised and has an unlimited supply, it will stand no chance against Bitcoin. Even if the coin was decentralised and had a limited supply as long as it is owned by somebody or a company, it stands no chance against Bitcoin.
Coins like Cardano that have a limited supply have so many coins in circulation that the supply is way more than the demand. They have 45 billion coins as a limited supply. With that much coin in such short period there's no way the supply will not exceed the demand especially since it offers nothing different from other altcoins.