Many interesting ideas moving around in this thread. I'd like to further address this whole money thing... I realize there is a lot of arguments regarding "what is money" but I think that's a highly appropriate discuss for these forums, no?
On the definition of money: Too often people think money "is" or "is not". They say a dollar "is" money. Gold "is" money. Bitcoin "is" money. Or, they'll say gold "is not" money, or fiat "is not" money, or Bitcoin "is not" money, etc. Astonishingly, I've now heard that oxygen itself "is" or "is not" money. Money is not a binary condition, but rather exists on a gradient of utility. Lay out all things in the world, from air to gold to steel beams, eggs, sand, human hearts, goat eyeballs, fighter jets, US dollars, and bitcoins... lay it all out in a row. While some might try to sort them into two piles, "money" and "not money," that is a fool's errand. Instead, all these things can be arranged in order of their usefulness AS money. In other words, each things makes a better money than something else, and each thing is often inferior as money to something else as well. People don't need to agree on the specific arrangement, but it should be self-evident that such arrangement is not very difficult to do.
Precious stones are better money than sand (unless one lives where such stones are plentiful and sand is rare). Gold is better money than precious stones (because it's fungible/divisible/etc). Steel beams are worse money than cigarettes. Why? Because the value to weight ratio of cigarettes makes them far more convenient to be used as money (though steel is more durable, so perhaps you'd argue steel is the better money). Oxygen would be a terrible money wouldn't it? Because, simply, it's far too plentiful. How much oxygen would I ask you to trade me in exchange for my car? How would it be delivered and stored? Absurd!
Do you see the point here? All things are money along a gradient of usefulness as money, and this gradient may differ in different geographic locations (on a planet made of gold, gold would be a terrible money). So if one dude is arguing that oxygen is money, and another argues the opposite - both should stop. Oxygen could be used as money, but it would suck for that purpose. That's the end of the argument. In the same way, USD can be used as money (and works very well for that purpose). Yet, it is still an inferior money to gold and bitcoin in my opinion, because it can be printed at whim. Once one has an understanding of the ordinal nature of all goods as potential money, then one can really appreciate why Bitcoin is so excellent for this purpose. It is a beautifully engineered good, almost perfectly suited for usefulness as money.
This whole argument hearkens back to the fact that money is intrinsic to barter - when you trade your eggs for a loaf of bread, and then use that bread to trade for a steak, you've used bread as money. Bread works okay as money, but it's not great (it spoils, has low value to volume ratio, etc). Thus, people who argue against money are arguing against exchange itself, as I have said before. To preclude money from society is to preclude trade.
And to say that society can exist without money is to say that nothing along that ordinal range of goods can ever be exchanged by anybody to anybody else. THAT is an absurd notion.
I disagree with this, and I wrote an article about how money is demonstrably different from simple exchange.
As I wrote in my article, money is constructed through collective agreement. As such, it has the effect of subjectively displacing the inherent value of other goods. The example I used in the article was as follows: I like guitars, and in 100 out of 100 scenarios I would prefer to own a guitar -- ANY guitar -- over a watch. I have clocks everywhere and I don't need another one. But if the watch is made of 24k gold, I'll take the watch over a guitar -- virtually ANY guitar -- any day. Thus, something that is said to be money (i.e. gold) effects the value of something that is not money (e.g. a guitar; a watch).
Now, let's say people that did not collectively agree that gold is significantly valuable. You could try to argue that the guitar I own is money and that the watch some other guy is offering me is also money, but this is foolish.
Employing gradients of usefulness to things that could potentially be used as money does not do anything to change whether something "is" or "is not" money. You could take that loaf of bread and say it's money, and I will tell you it's not. Who is right? If you paid money for that loaf of bread, then you would be saying that you used money to buy money, which could then be used as money to buy more money. THIS becomes absurd as then absolutely everything and anything can be used as (as you suggest) and IS (as you do not) money including oxygen.
This is how money functions:
Higher syntax (money) --> Determines subjective value of lower syntax (goods).
Or...
Money --> Determines subjective value of bread, guitars, watches, etc.
In a bartering economy:
Subjective value of lower syntax (goods) --> Determines subjective value of lower syntax (goods)
Or...
Subjective value of bread, guitars, watches, etc. --> Determines subjective value of bread, guitars, watches, etc.
Money functions on a separate level entirely apart from the value of the goods it determines. A moneyless society simply means that you are removing the higher syntax and keeping the lower one. In other words, you are removing collective agreement of value and reverting to individual determination of value.