This chart shows the instantaneous rate of inflation, annualized.
Ok so if I'm understanding this correctly, it is essentially the inverse or what ever you want to call it, I'm not a math genius as I said... except that it is plotted as a percentage of change in discrete yearly steps?
The money supply increases linearly (roughly) at 50 BTC every 10 minutes for the first 210000 blocks, then 25 BTC every 10 minutes for the next 210000 blocks, then 12.5 BTC every 10 minutes, and so on. That is why the blue line is made up of straight lines with decreasing slope every 4 years or so.
The instantaneous inflation rate decreases over time. If I have 50 BTC in the total economy (block 1), and then I suddenly have an additional 50 BTC 10 minutes later, the total supply has inflated 100% from what it was a moment ago. Annualized that works out to well over 1000% inflation rate. As the total supply increases after each block, the next 50 BTC are smaller percentage of the total then the previous 50 BTC were (because the total is larger). Now that I have 100 BTC in the supply, the third block of 50 BTC increases the total supply only 50% instead of 100%. This is why the red line is made up of curved sections (although given the scale of this graph after 2017 it becomes difficult to see the curve).
Then once every 210000 blocks the amount of newly minted currency is cut in half. This creates a 1 time sudden drop in the amount of currency being created every ten minutes. This would be why you see the straight dropping verticle portion of the red line every 4 years or so.